摘要:通过查阅历代本草、医籍、经史，结合近代、现代文献资料与实地调查，笔者对经典名方中全蝎药材的名称、基原、学名、产地、品质、采收加工、炮制等进行系统梳理与考证，厘清古今关系，为相关经典名方的开发提供参考依据。经考证可知，全蝎名称较多，本草类书籍多以“蝎”或“全蝎”为正名。历代所用基原均为钳蝎科动物东亚钳蝎Buthus martensii，古今一致。东亚钳蝎主要分布在我国的中部和东部，以及蒙古国、朝鲜等地，地处东亚，故我国药学工作者多延续使用早期中文名即东亚钳蝎，而现代蝎目分类学者则将其中文名定为马氏正钳蝎。历版《中华人民共和国药典》为了保持该药材基原的稳定和延续性，一直使用东亚钳蝎B. martensii。历代推崇的全蝎道地产地为山东青州，直至民国时期，因产地加工方法的不同，道地产地扩展到河南禹县，以禹县为集散地，以其所产清水煮后干燥的全蝎品质最佳；全蝎的产地加工主要分为清水与盐水煮后干燥，其中用盐水煮的方法始载于明末《本草原始》，目的是防腐宜贮存，临方用时要洗去盐；全蝎的炮制方法较少，古代用全体时去足焙或炒干用，现代多为除去杂质，洗净，干燥；全蝎不仅药用，不少地区有食用习惯，因此资源消耗较大，目前仍以采收野生为主，致使野生资源逐年减少。基于考证结论，建议开发含全蝎的经典名方时，采用山东青州或河南鹿邑、禹州等道地产地所产的东亚钳蝎B. martensii，产地加工宜清水煮后干燥，炮制规格选取生品入药为佳，并以道地产地的东亚钳蝎为种源，建立规范化养殖基地，以保证全蝎资源的可持续发展。
Abstract:By reviewing the materia medica， medical books and scripture history， combining modern and contemporary literature and field investigation， this paper systematically reviewed the name， origin， scientific name， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Scorpio in famous classical formulas to clarify the relationship between ancient and modern times and provide a reference basis for the development of related famous classical formulas. After the textual research， it can be seen that there are many names of Scorpio， and most of the materia medica use Xie or Quanxie as the official name. The origin of Scorpio used in the past dynasties is Buthus martensii， which is the same in ancient and modern times. B. martensii is mainly distributed in the central and eastern parts of China， as well as Mongolia， Korea and other places， located in East Asia. Therefore， pharmaceutical workers in China mostly continue to use the early Chinese name， that is， Dongya Qianxie， while modern Scorpiones taxonomists set its Chinese name as Mashi Zhengqianxie. In order to maintain the stability and continuity of the origin of Scorpio， the previous editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia have always used the name of B. martensii. The geo-authentic producing area of Scorpio， which has been respected in the past dynasties， was Qingzhou， Shandong. Until the Republic of China， due to the different processing methods in the production area， the geo-authentic producing area expanded to Yu county， Henan， with Yu county as the distribution center， the best quality of Scorpio is produced by boiling in clear water and drying after boiling. The origin processing of Scorpio is mainly divided into clean water and salt water boiling and then drying， where the method of boiling with salt water was first described in Bencao Yuanshi， the purpose is antiseptic and suitable for storage， and the salt should be washed away when used clinically. There are few processing methods of Scorpio， in ancient times， it was used for roasting or frying after removing the feet， in modern times， it is mostly to remove impurities， wash and dry. Scorpio is not only used for medicinal purposes， but also has the habit of eating in many areas， so the consumption of resources is relatively large， and it is still mainly harvested from the wild， resulting in the decrease of wild resources year by year. Based on the research conclusion， it is recommended that B. martensii， which is produced in Qingzhou， Luyi or Yuzhou， should be used in the the development of famous classical formulas containing Scorpio， and the origin processing is preferable to be dried after boiling with water， and the processing specification should be selected as raw products. And B. martensii in geo-authentic producing areas was used as the seed source to establish a standardized breeding base to ensure the sustainable development of the resources of Scorpio.